Matthew, R.P., Seko, S., Bailey, J., Bajcsy, R. and Lotz, J., 2019, July. Simple Spline Representation for Identifying Sit-to-Stand Strategies. In 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 4097-4103). IEEE., doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2019.8857429.

Standing from a seated position is an activity of daily living and a common clinical test of strength and balance. While this action is well-studied biomechanically, there remains a need for a clear modelling method for appropriately capturing performance and discriminating between standing strategies. This paper presents a simple framework for representing the rise from a chair as a set of splines. This formulation is inherently differentiable, defines a clear start and end point of the motion, and allows for secondary analysis of dynamic and energetic effects. This method is tested on two healthy subjects performing four different standing strategies. The spline method was found to accurately capture the standing action, with mean absolute errors of 1-2 cm for joint position, and 2-3 degrees angular error across the different standing strategies. Analysis of the spline trajectories revealed strategy-specific differences in kinematic, kinetic, and dynamic bio-markers. This suggests that low order splines can be used to accurately capture variations in sit-to-stand actions.